Narration
Direct থেকে Indirect Speech রূপান্তর
চার ধাপ মনে রাখো
Reporting verb → Tense → Pronoun → Time/Place word
যেকোনো narration করতে হলে এই চার ধাপ ক্রমান্বয়ে করো — কোনো একটা বাদ পড়লেই ভুল হবে।
• He said, "I am ill." → He said that he was ill.
Assertive sentence
said → said · said to → told · connector: that
সাধারণ বিবৃতিতে reporting verb-এর 'to' থাকলে told হয়, না থাকলে said-ই থাকে। মাঝে 'that' বসে (ঐচ্ছিক কিন্তু বোর্ডে রাখাই ভালো)।
• He said, "I am happy." → He said that he was happy.
• He said to me, "You are late." → He told me that I was late.
Tense পরিবর্তন (backshift)
present→past · past→past perfect · present perfect→past perfect · will→would
Reporting verb past tense-এ থাকলে reported speech-এর tense এক ধাপ পেছনে যায়।
• He said, "I go to school." → He said that he went to school.
• He said, "I have finished." → He said that he had finished.
• He said, "I will come." → He said that he would come.
Tense বদলায় না — কখন
চিরন্তন সত্য/অভ্যাস হলে tense বদলাবে না
চিরন্তন সত্য, বৈজ্ঞানিক সত্য বা এখনো সত্য এমন কিছু বললে reported speech present-ই থাকে, past হয় না।
• The teacher said, "The earth moves round the sun." → The teacher said that the earth moves round the sun.
⚠️ The teacher said that the earth moved... ❌ চিরন্তন সত্যে tense বদলাতে নেই
Pronoun পরিবর্তন — নিয়ম
1st person → reporting verb-এর subject অনুযায়ী · 2nd person → reporting verb-এর object অনুযায়ী · 3rd person অপরিবর্তিত
I/we reporting verb-এর কর্তার সাথে মিলে যায়; you reporting verb-এর object-এর সাথে মিলে যায়; he/she/it/they কখনো বদলায় না।
• She said to me, "I love you." → She told me that she loved me.
• He said to us, "You are wrong." → He told us that we were wrong.
Yes/No প্রশ্ন (Interrogative)
reporting verb → asked · connector: if/whether · statement word order
হ্যাঁ/না প্রশ্নে asked/enquired ব্যবহার হয়, if/whether দিয়ে জোড়া, এবং auxiliary verb subject-এর পরে চলে যায় (প্রশ্নের গঠন থাকে না), প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন উঠে যায়।
• He said to me, "Do you know him?" → He asked me if I knew him.
• She said, "Can you swim?" → She asked if I could swim.
⚠️ He asked me if did I know... ❌ → if I knew ✅ (word order বিবৃতির মতো)
Wh-প্রশ্ন (Interrogative)
reporting verb → asked · wh-word নিজেই connector · statement word order
Wh-প্রশ্নে (what/where/why/who/when/how) সেই wh-word-ই connector হিসেবে থাকে, আলাদা if/that লাগে না।
• He said to her, "Where do you live?" → He asked her where she lived.
• She said, "What is your name?" → She asked what my name was.
Imperative — আদেশ
reporting verb → ordered/commanded · to + V1 (হ্যাঁ-বাচক) · not to + V1 (না-বাচক)
আদেশ বোঝালে ordered/commanded, structure to+base verb; নেতিবাচক আদেশে not to+base verb।
• He said to the servant, "Bring some water." → He ordered the servant to bring some water.
• He said, "Don't make noise." → He forbade them to make noise / He told them not to make noise.
Imperative — অনুরোধ
reporting verb → requested · to + V1
বিনীত অনুরোধ (Please) বোঝালে requested ব্যবহার হয়।
• He said to me, "Please help me." → He requested me to help him.
Imperative — উপদেশ
reporting verb → advised · to + V1
উপদেশ বোঝালে advised ব্যবহার হয়।
• The doctor said to him, "Take rest." → The doctor advised him to take rest.
Optative — শুভকামনা/প্রার্থনা
reporting verb → wished/prayed · that + subject + might + V1
শুভকামনা বা প্রার্থনা বোঝালে wished/prayed that ব্যবহার হয়, তারপর might+base verb।
• He said, "May you live long!" → He wished that I might live long.
• He said, "May God bless you!" → He prayed that God might bless me.
Exclamatory — আনন্দ/দুঃখ/বিস্ময়
reporting verb → exclaimed with joy/sorrow/wonder · that + subject + was/were + very + adjective
What/How দিয়ে শুরু বাক্য indirect-এ সাধারণ বিবৃতিতে বদলায়, আর what a/an + adjective + noun হলে 'a very + adjective + noun' হয়ে যায়।
• He said, "What a beautiful scene it is!" → He exclaimed with wonder that it was a very beautiful scene.
• She said, "Alas! I am undone." → She exclaimed with sorrow that she was undone.
Time word পরিবর্তন
now→then · today→that day · tomorrow→the next day · yesterday→the previous day/the day before · ago→before
Reporting verb past হলে সময়সূচক শব্দগুলোও দূরত্ব বোঝানো রূপে বদলায়।
• He said, "I will go tomorrow." → He said that he would go the next day.
• He said, "I came here yesterday." → He said that he had come there the previous day.
Place/demonstrative word পরিবর্তন
here→there · this→that · these→those · now→then
স্থান ও nearness বোঝানো শব্দ দূরত্ব বোঝানো শব্দে বদলায়।
• He said, "I live here." → He said that he lived there.
• He said, "This is my book." → He said that that was his book.
সম্বোধন উঠে যায়
Sir/Dear/Madam ইত্যাদি সম্বোধন গঠন থেকে বাদ, প্রয়োজনে verb-এ address যোগ
সম্বোধনসূচক শব্দ (Well, Sir, my dear) indirect speech-এ সরাসরি থাকে না — প্রয়োজনে reporting verb-এর সাথে addressed করে বসে।
• He said, "Well, Rahim, how are you?" → He addressed Rahim and asked how he was.
হ্যাঁ/না উত্তর
Yes → replied in the affirmative that · No → replied in the negative that
উত্তরে শুধু Yes/No থাকলে indirect-এ affirmative/negative শব্দ দিয়ে পুরো বাক্য গঠন করতে হয়।
• He said, "Yes, I know him." → He replied in the affirmative that he knew him.
• She said, "No, I did not go." → She replied in the negative that she had not gone.