Transformation of Sentences
একই অর্থে বাক্যের গঠন বদলানো
Simple → Complex
phrase-কে subordinate clause বানাও (that/who/which/when/because)
Simple sentence-এর কোনো phrase-কে একটা clause-এ বদলে subordinate conjunction দিয়ে জোড়া হয়।
• Simple: Being poor, he could not study. → Complex: As he was poor, he could not study.
Complex → Simple
subordinate clause-কে phrase বানাও
Complex sentence-এর clause-কে একটা phrase (participle/noun/gerund)-এ সংক্ষিপ্ত করা হয়।
• Complex: As he was poor, he could not study. → Simple: Being poor, he could not study.
• Complex: When the sun set, we returned home. → Simple: On sunset, we returned home.
Simple → Compound
phrase-কে and/but/so দিয়ে independent clause বানাও
Simple sentence-এর একটা অংশকে আলাদা independent clause বানিয়ে coordinating conjunction দিয়ে জোড়া হয়।
• Simple: Besides being rich, he is honest. → Compound: He is not only rich but also honest.
Compound → Simple
একটা independent clause-কে phrase বানাও
Compound sentence-এর একটা clause-কে phrase-এ সংক্ষিপ্ত করে simple sentence বানানো হয়।
• Compound: He is poor but he is honest. → Simple: In spite of being poor, he is honest.
• Compound: He worked hard and he succeeded. → Simple: Working hard, he succeeded.
Affirmative → Negative
no other...as...as / not less than / not un-
ইতিবাচক বাক্যকে নেতিবাচক শব্দ ব্যবহার করে একই অর্থে লেখা।
• Affirmative: He is the best boy in the class. → Negative: No other boy in the class is as good as he.
• Affirmative: Dhaka is a big city. → Negative: Dhaka is not a small city.
Negative → Affirmative
double negative তুলে দাও
নেতিবাচক বাক্যকে ইতিবাচক গঠনে বদলানো — double negative (no other...not) সরিয়ে সরাসরি বলা।
• Negative: No other boy in the class is as good as he. → Affirmative: He is the best boy in the class.
Positive → Comparative
as...as → more...than (অন্যদের চেয়ে কম বোঝাতে) অথবা তুলনীয় শব্দ
Positive degree-এর তুলনাকে comparative-এ বদলাতে 'more/-er...than' ব্যবহার হয়, আর অন্য সবাইকে 'not as/so...as' করে দিতে হয়।
• Positive: He is as tall as his brother. → Comparative: He is not taller than his brother (and his brother is not taller than him).
• Positive: No other boy is as clever as Rahim. → Comparative: Rahim is cleverer than any other boy.
Positive → Superlative
No other...as...as → the most/-est
'কেউ তার মতো নয়' গঠন থেকে সরাসরি superlative-এ যাওয়া যায়।
• Positive: No other boy in the class is as clever as Rahim. → Superlative: Rahim is the cleverest boy in the class.
Superlative → Positive/Comparative
the most/-est → No other...as...as / -er than any other
Superlative-কে positive-এ (No other...as...as) বা comparative-এ (-er than any other) বদলানো যায়।
• Superlative: Rahim is the cleverest boy in the class. → Positive: No other boy in the class is as clever as Rahim. → Comparative: Rahim is cleverer than any other boy in the class.
Assertive → Interrogative
বিবৃতিকে rhetorical question বানাও (উত্তর নিজেই বাক্যে আছে)
একটা জোরালো বিবৃতিকে প্রশ্নের গঠনে লেখা যায় যার উত্তর প্রশ্নেই লুকানো থাকে — ইতিবাচক বাক্য নেতিবাচক প্রশ্নে বদলায়।
• Assertive: Nobody can deny the fact. → Interrogative: Who can deny the fact?
• Assertive: He is a fool. → Interrogative: Is he not a fool?
Interrogative → Assertive
rhetorical question-কে সরাসরি বিবৃতি বানাও
প্রশ্নের গঠন তুলে সরাসরি বিবৃতি লেখা হয়।
• Interrogative: Who does not know it? → Assertive: Everybody knows it.
Assertive ↔ Exclamatory
How/What... it is! ↔ It is very...
সাধারণ বিবৃতিকে তীব্র আবেগ প্রকাশক exclamatory-তে বদলাতে How/What ব্যবহার হয়।
• Assertive: The scenery is very beautiful. → Exclamatory: How beautiful the scenery is!
• Exclamatory: What a fool he is! → Assertive: He is a great fool.
Too...to → So...that...can't
too + adj + to + V1 = so + adj + that + subject + cannot/could not + V1
'এতটাই...যে পারে না' অর্থে too...to আর so...that সমার্থক — পারস্পরিক রূপান্তর প্রায়ই বোর্ডে আসে।
• Too...to: He is too weak to walk. → So...that: He is so weak that he cannot walk.
No sooner...than triple রূপ
Simple: On + noun/gerund · Complex: As soon as... · Compound: No sooner...than
একই ঘটনা তিন গঠনেই লেখা যায় — Module 4-এর no sooner...than-এর সাথে মিলিয়ে দেখো।
• Simple: On reaching home, he fell asleep. → Complex: As soon as he reached home, he fell asleep. → Compound: He reached home and immediately fell asleep.
কারণসূচক clause → phrase
Because/As/Since + clause → Because of/Due to/For + noun phrase
কারণ বোঝানো clause-কে একটা noun phrase-এ সংক্ষিপ্ত করে simple sentence বানানো যায়।
• Complex: Because he was ill, he could not come. → Simple: Because of his illness, he could not come.